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In this tutorial session we will create a simple struts 2 application to understand the complete flow of an action. If you want to know the clear picture about Struts2 action see our action post 1 here. If you want … Continue reading ]]>
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Struts2 Introduction
Struts2 HelloWorld Application
Struts2 Tutorial Part 3 – Actions 1
While develop our application, we will discuss about the details of each configuration parameter. First we have to create the home.jsp file which is the first page of the application. See the code below.
home.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Struts 2 Custom URL</title>
<script src="jquery-1.11.1.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Struts 2 Action Tutorial</h1>
<s:form action="welcome" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<s:textfield key="Name" name="name" />
<s:textfield key="City" name="city" />
<s:submit key="submit" />
</s:form>
</body>
</html>
We created a simple jsp file with struts2 UI tags. We will learn about Struts2 UI tags later. As of now just keep in mind struts2 tags are like normal html tags with more functionalists. So for clear understanding consider <s:form> as normal <form> tag, <s:textfield> as normal <input type=’text’> tag and so.So when we fill and submit the form it will submit the data to the url welcome.
Next we will create another jsp page where we will display the name and city what we entered in the home.jsp. See the code below.
welcome.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Struts2 Custom URL</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>
Welcome to Struts2 Actions Tutorial
<s:property value="name" />,<s:property value="city" />.
</h2>
<a href="/Struts2Action">Go Back to Home</a>
</body>
</html>
Here also we used struts2 UI tag <s:property> . It is used to retrieve the value from the OGNL stack where all the variables are stored. We will see about the Struts2 UI tags and OGNL stack later. As of now assume it will return the respective values.
Next we will create our struts.xml file which is the configuration file, See the code below.
struts.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
<struts>
<package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
<action name="">
<result>home.jsp</result>
</action>
<action name="welcome" class="com.rajesh.struts2.Welcome" method="welcome">
<result name="success">welcome.jsp</result>
<result name="error">error.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>
See the web.xml file below.
web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0">
<display-name>Struts2Action</display-name>
<filter>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>
Finally see our java file where we have our business logic.
Welcome.java
package com.rajesh.struts2;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
public class Welcome extends ActionSupport {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1500617172067606799L;
private String name, city;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String welcome() {
return SUCCESS;
}
}
That’s all the files needs to be created. Now we will discuss the workflow of this application to understand actions clearly. At first when the user types http://localhost:8080/Struts2Action/ in the browser the control will go the web.xml file as we discussed in the previous chapter. In web.xml we never mentioned any index files. But we mentioned a filter to all the incoming requests.
<filter>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
So the control will go to the filter class. We no need to worry abouth these portions. These are all implemented by the framework itself. Just for understanding I am explaining this.
Then the framework will look for struts.xml file. Then as we typed simply the application name alone it will look for the action with emty name. In our struts.xml file we have a action with name emty. So the framework will render the page home.jsp to the browser.
Here one important think we have to note is before sending the page to browser the framework will replace all struts2 UI tags by corresponding html tags. To understand this after the home.jsp is rendered on the browser see the source code of the page.
After rendering the page the page source code will look like below one.
<html>
<head>
<title>Struts 2 Custom URL</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Struts 2 Action Tutorial</h1>
<form id="welcome" name="welcome" action="/Struts2Action/welcome.action" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<table class="wwFormTable">
<tr>
<td class="tdLabel">
<label for="welcome_name" class="label">Name:</label>
</td>
<td>
<input type="text" name="name" value="" id="welcome_name" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdLabel">
<label for="welcome_city" class="label">City:</label>
</td>
<td>
<input type="text" name="city" value="" id="welcome_city" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<div align="right">
<input type="submit" id="welcome_submit" name="submit" value="submit" />
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Then as in the home page we have to enter the name,city then submit the form. As we mentioned the data to the url welcome.action the control will look for it. So the request will be http://localhost:8080/Struts2Action/welcome.action . As usual the control will look for an action with name ‘welcome’. Once it identifies it will execute the corresponding class to it.
As we discussed all action methods should return a string value. Once that method returned a string value, the matching result tag will be rendered to the user. In our class com.rajesh.struts2.Welcome method welcome() we returned ‘success’ string. So welcome.jsp will be rendered to the user. If suppose our method returns string ‘error’ then the error.jsp will be rendered. If no name attribute is defined with the result tag ‘success’ will be taken as default value.
Note:
In our previous action with empty name we never mentioned any class name. Just remember that the class attribute of the action is an optional one (Discussed in previous chapter). If no class is specified it will take the result as ‘success’ by default
Another attribute for the action tag is method name. See our action welcome.
<action name="welcome" class="com.rajesh.struts2.Welcome" method="welcome">
We mentioned the method name as welcome(). If we don’t specify the method name the control will look for method with name execute() inside the action class.
What is the use of this?
The main reason is we can have multiple methods inside a single class. In that situation we can mention the method name, Otherwise we can simply use the same method name execute(). Anyway it is upto us to decide.
With this knowledge we will look back our initial action with empty name “”. We never mentioned the class to it. So it will take ‘success’ by default. Then it will look for result tage with name ‘success’. We never mentioned that also. So there also it will take ‘success’ by default. Then both matches, result page rendered.
<action name="">
<result>home.jsp</result>
</action>
Another one important think we have to know what are all the background functions are running, while we call particular action. By default before running any action methods Struts 2 have a set of methods to run. Those are all called interceptors. We will discuss about interceptors in another chapter. As for now kepp in mind before running any action Struts 2 framework executing some methods.
With the above point in mind we will see about how the data from home page is getting travelled to the result page. As I said before running the action method the struts 2 will look for the methods to pass the data from the html form to server.
We will see this with an example. In our home.jsp we have to major data containing fields name and city.
<s:textfield key="Name" name="name" /> <s:textfield key="City" name="city" />
So after we submit the data to the server the struts2 framework will look for the method setName() and setCity(). (i.e.) By default adding the word get infront of the field name and adding the field name starts with capital letter.
Now to understand this see our Welcome.java methods.
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
We have to methods setName() and setCity(). So those will get executed before the action method executes. For each url access a new instance of the class will be created. So when multiple user opens the URL it will not affect one another.
All the variables related to one session will be stored in a common stack called OGNL. So from any portion of the application we can get the value for the variables.
In the same way in our welcome.jsp the tags <s:property value=”name” /> and <s:property value=”city” /> will call getName() and getCity() methods.
Another one important think is all theses processes are happening in the server side. So only the replaced final html file will be sent back to the user. (i.e)The UI tags will not be visible at the user end.
With this we will complete this session on Struts 2 action. We will continue with action-packages and namespaces in our next session.
I have created a complete and simple .war file with source code for the example we discussed. Download and just place under Apache web apps folder and run.
If you have any issues while execution post in comments or send mail to rajeshmepco@gmail.com.
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In this tutorial session we will create simple application to load the drop down list options dynamically from the server side. Also we will use only struts 2 UI tag, not ajax or jquery. In our previous example we used … Continue reading ]]>
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In our previous example we used ajax call to load the drop down options from server side via jquery. Here not.
We assume that we already have a very basic knowledge over struts2 setup. If not please refer our Hello World application. To achieve our goal first create a simple jsp file as below.
home.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<html>
<head>
<script src="js/jquery-1.11.1.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(function () {
//We commented this code because we are directly loading the drop down options via struts UI tag
/*$('#state').html('');
$.getJSON("readStates", function(res) {
for ( var i = 0; i < res.states.length; i++) {
$('#state').append(
'<option value='+res.states[i]+'>' + res.states[i]
+ '</option>');
}
});*/
$("#state").change(
function () {
$('#district').html('');
var state = {
"state": $("#state").val()
};
$.ajax({
url: "readDistricts",
data: JSON.stringify(state),
dataType: 'json',
contentType: 'application/json',
type: 'POST',
async: true,
success: function (res) {
console.log(res.districts.length);
for (var i = 0; i < res.districts.length; i++) {
console.log(" " + res.districts[i]);
$('#district').append(
'<option value=' + res.districts[i] + '>' + res.districts[i] + '</option>');
}
}
});
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Struts 2 Dynamic Drop down List</h3>
<s:select label="What's your State" headerKey="-1" headerValue="Select State" list="states" name="state" value="defaultState" />
District :<select id="district"></select>
</body>
</html>
Then in web.xml divert all requests to struts2 framework as usual. See the web.xml below.
Also please note that we never mentioned the welcome file list in our web.xml. (i.e) Home page. We will handle that in our struts.xml.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0"> <display-name>DynamicData</display-name> <filter> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> </web-app>
See our struts.xml below.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
<struts>
<package name="default" namespace="/" extends="json-default">
<interceptors>
<interceptor-stack name="defaultStack">
<interceptor-ref name="json">
<param name="enableSMD">true</param>
</interceptor-ref>
</interceptor-stack>
</interceptors>
<default-interceptor-ref name="defaultStack" />
<action name="readDistricts" class="com.rajesh.struts2.ReadData" method="dbDistricts">
<result type="json"></result>
</action>
<action name="" class="com.rajesh.struts2.ReadData" method="dbStates">
<result name="success">home.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>
What is the change we made in our struts.xml. We mapped a empty action to a class and if the result is success then we are rendering the page home.jsp to the browser. Why instead of mentioning the home page in web.xml we mentioned in struts.xml? There is a reason behind that. We will discuss it later.
Now see the corresponding action class ReadData.java below.
ReadData.java
package com.rajesh.struts2;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
public class ReadData extends ActionSupport {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -8819352697303500472L;
private String state;
private ArrayList < String > districts;
private ArrayList < String > states;
public ReadData() {
System.out.println("Inside Constructor ");
states = new ArrayList < String > ();
states.add("tamilnadu");
states.add("kerala");
states.add("karnataka");
states.add("delhi");
}
public String getDefaultState() {
System.out.println("Inside default State Getter");
return "Select State";
}
public ArrayList < String > getDistricts() {
return districts;
}
public ArrayList < String > getStates() {
return states;
}
public void setState(String state) {
System.out.println("Inside Setter " + state);
this.state = state;
}
public String dbDistricts() {
System.out.println("Getting Districts for " + state);
// Do the database code or business logic here.
districts = new ArrayList < String > ();
if (state.equalsIgnoreCase("tamilnadu")) {
districts.add("chennai");
districts.add("madurai");
districts.add("trichy");
districts.add("Covai");
districts.add("Pudukkottai");
} else if (state.equalsIgnoreCase("kerala")) {
districts.add("allappey");
districts.add("trivandrum");
districts.add("kozhikkode");
} else if (state.equalsIgnoreCase("karnataka")) {
districts.add("bangalore");
districts.add("Bommanahalli");
districts.add("Mysore");
} else if (state.equalsIgnoreCase("-1")) {} else {
districts.add("District 1");
districts.add("District 2");
districts.add("District 3");
districts.add("District 4");
districts.add("District 5");
}
return SUCCESS;
}
public String dbStates() {
// Do the database code or business logic here.
System.out.println("Inside dbStates method");
return SUCCESS;
}
}
That’s all the setup. But we need to know why we rendered the home page via struts.xml? Also the empty action pointed to the method dbStates() is not doing anything. It simply returns a “success” string. Then why?
The answer is here. In our home page home.jsp we used struts2 tag for the drop down list. See the code
<s:select label="What's your State" headerKey="-1" headerValue="Select State" list="states" name="state" value="defaultState" />
So if we render the page directly from web.xml it don’t have any values for the drop down list options. We need to run some code before rendering the page. Right? That’s why we diverted the empty action to ReadData.java . See the constructor of the ReadData.java .
public ReadData() {
System.out.println("Inside Constructor ");
states = new ArrayList < String > ();
states.add("tamilnadu");
states.add("kerala");
states.add("karnataka");
states.add("delhi");
}
So when we point to this class it will automatically creates an arraylist and fills it with the required value. So after this constructor executed the control will go to the dbStates() method. There we simply returns a “success” string. So the control will come back to struts.xml. There we mentioned <result name=”success”>home.jsp</result> . So it will render the page home.jsp to the browser.
But the difference is while render the page home.jsp. When it comes to the Struts UI tag
<s:select label="What's your State" headerKey="-1" headerValue="Select State" list="states" name="state" value="defaultState" />
it will look for method getStat() in the action class. Because we mentioned the name as state. So as per struts 2 design pattern it will try to run a method by name getStat() .
As we have that method in our action class it will get executed. Then with the return value as arraylist it will be filled inside the drop down list by the framework and rendered to the browser .
Simply run the code as below http://localhost:8080/DynamicData/ and see the result in action.
For the above example I have created a complete .war file with source code. Download and just place under Apache web apps folder and run.
If you face any issues while execution please post in comments or send me email to rajeshmepco@gmail.com
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